The focal sampling technique is basically observing one individual or subject for a specified time and recording all instances of that individual’s behavior. Includes recording of durations, frequencies, and latencies in a systematic and systematic pattern. This new knowledge will be used to better address the global challenges such as increasing vessel sizes, sea level rise, climate change, energy transition, autonomous shipping and reduction of the CO2 emissions.Consists of watching the entire group of subjects and recording each occurrence of a specific behavior of interest with reference to which individuals were involved. Our ports and waterways team is focused on developing data science methods in order to better understand how the current ports and waterways processes (for example navigation, port accessibility, interaction with other modalities of transport) interact with other physical factors (like hydrodynamic conditions, maintenance dredging, retrofitting the existing fleet, developing new green infrastructure). The knowledge of waves and currents, sediment transport and morphology, dredging and land reclamation, design of the infrastructure such as breakwaters, quays, jetties, locks, bank and bed protections play a substantial role in understanding the key processes and developing smart and sustainable solutions by using the Building with Nature, Engineering with Nature and Dredging with Nature philosophies.ĭigitalization of ports and waterways has triggered an urge for data-driven methods in the field for analysing the performance of the supply chains of waterborne transport and logistics.

It involves research and innovations in the field of transport economics, shipping, nautical aspects, safety and logistics.

The section Ports & Waterways focuses on industry-driven innovations in the fields of port engineering and inland waterway transport.

Sample field work report on dredging